There are nine crucial elements of how to value a business:
- The reason for the valuation
- Following the relevant guidelines
- The methodology
- Correct due diligence with the company accounts
- The role of DCF
- Comparables
- Asset valuations
- Dividends
- Risk
How is this put into practice? Let’s explore:
9 Tips on How To Value a Business
They say that valuing a business is an art, not a science. It is an art that requires a
great deal of training before it is safe to sell your wares on the street, an art that follows certain key principles and has many pitfalls for the unwary.
Here are some of the secrets of the professional valuer:
The Reason for the Valuation
First things first, why do we even bother valuing a business? Well, there are several compelling reasons:
- Investment Decision: Imagine you're considering investing in a startup. How do you know if it's worth the time and effort? Valuing a business lets you assess the potential return on investment and decide whether it aligns with your financial goals.
- Mergers & Acquisitions: Picture this: Company A wants to acquire Company B. Before sealing the deal, they need to agree on a fair price. This is where valuation comes into play. It guides negotiations and ensures both parties are going to get a good deal.
- Financial Reporting: If you’re the CEO of a publicly traded company, it's your responsibility to provide accurate financial reports to shareholders and regulatory authorities. Valuing the business allows you to determine its worth for financial reporting purposes.
- Litigation: Sometimes, disputes will arise that require a business valuation. Whether it's a shareholder dispute or a lawsuit, valuations play a crucial role in resolving legal matters fairly and objectively.
Working for the seller of a business, the valuer is aiming at assembling every piece of evidence for a high valuation and minimising the significance of any negative factor. And vice versa for the buyer.
Following the Relevant Guidelines
In the world of business valuation, guidelines and standards are your trusty compass. Adhering to these guidelines means that you can navigate the valuation process with confidence and credibility.
However, the primary formula for valuation metrics is market valuation – involving a willing buyer, a willing seller, an arm’s length transaction, and no coercion. While this is a sound concept, it's not always reflective of real-world situations. Moreover, it's not guaranteed that valuation methodologies are particularly adept at delivering it. Be cautious of individuals who speak of 'intrinsic value' rather than 'price' – it's not the valuer who bears the loss if the transaction falls through.
Which Methodology Is Most Useful?
Now, onto the juicy part: valuation methodologies. There's no one-size-fits-all approach on how to value a business. But here are some popular methods:
- Market Approach: This method involves comparing the business to similar ones that have recently sold. For example, if you're valuing a chain of coffee shops, you might look at recent sales prices of similar coffee franchises in the same region as your business.
- Income Approach: This focuses on estimating the present value of future cash flows generated by the business. One common technique within this approach is the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) method. Let's say you're valuing a software company. You would forecast its future cash flows, discount them back to their present value using a discount rate that reflects the company's risk, and arrive at a valuation.
- Asset-Based Approach: This approach calculates the value of the company's assets minus its liabilities. For example, if you're valuing a manufacturing plant, you would tally up the value of its machinery, equipment, and inventory. Then subtract any outstanding debts or liabilities to arrive at the net asset value.
- Dividend valuations: This treats the company as if it were a kind of bond.
Each method has its strengths and weaknesses, so it's crucial to select the most suitable one based on the nature of the business and the availability of data.
Playing Detective with the Company Accounts
Valuing a business is like solving a puzzle, and the company's financial statements hold the key pieces. Dive into the balance sheets, income statements, and cash flow statements to uncover clues about the company's financial health and performance. Look for patterns, anomalies, and potential red flags that could impact its valuation.
For example, a wily seller might find an accounting method that will manage to amortise discounts on sales as capex, instead of accounting for them in the year of sale, producing inflated balance sheets. There are dozens of such ruses, even in the relationship between GAAP and IFRS, for instance, which the valuer acting for a purchaser must learn to see through.
Now back to a point we mentioned earlier:
Issues with DCF
While the DCF method is widely used, it's not without its challenges. Factors like forecasting accuracy, discount rates, and terminal values can introduce uncertainty into the valuation. To mitigate these issues, conduct sensitivity analyses and scenario planning to assess the impact of different assumptions on the final valuation figure.
By adjusting various input assumptions, particularly sales volumes, costs, and the calculation of the cost of capital, which can be approached in diverse methods, the valuation can exhibit significant fluctuations. An illustrative instance pertains to the determination of terminal value – the duration over which a company's cash flows are anticipated to endure, along with the growth rate attributed to them.
Comparables
Comparables, or "comps" for short, provide valuable benchmarks for valuing a business. You can gauge where the subject company stands by analysing similar companies in the same industry, in terms of market value, growth potential, and financial performance.
While Price/Earnings multiples are commonly used, there exists a plethora of alternatives, ranging from sales to growth rates and beyond. Moreover, uncertainties arise regarding issues such as discounts for private company status, which diminish the solidity of the entire result. Indeed, determining the valuation becomes particularly challenging in the absence of frequent, reliable, recent market transactions specific to the type of business, which are inherently more elusive to acquire compared to commodities or currencies.
This leaves room for various interpretations. The weighting assigned to individual examples within the comparables set can significantly influence the results – thorough research and a comprehensive understanding of hedonic techniques are indispensable; simple averaging won't suffice.
Just remember to account for differences in size, market position, and operational factors when making comparisons.
Asset Valuations
For asset-heavy businesses like manufacturing or real estate, asset-based valuations are particularly relevant. By tallying up the value of tangible assets such as property, equipment, and inventory, you can arrive at a baseline valuation. However, don't forget to factor in intangible assets like brand value, intellectual property, and goodwill, which can significantly influence the overall worth of the business.
As the worth of intellectual property, especially brands continues to rise, novices in business valuation may encounter customised methodologies tailored for brand assessments. These approaches might assign substantial values to intangible assets, which could potentially be difficult to market. The heightened unpredictability in business trajectories means that a brand esteemed today could swiftly lose its value in an unexpectedly brief period.
Dividends
If you're valuing a publicly traded company, dividends can offer valuable insights into its financial health and shareholder returns.
The challenge lies in accurately predicting future dividends. There's often a suspicion that dividend projections, much like earnings forecasts in Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis, are sometimes employed to support valuations derived from comparables, rather than being independent methodologies in their own right.
Analyse the company's dividend history, payout ratio, and dividend yield to assess its attractiveness as an investment. Keep in mind that dividend payments can fluctuate based on market conditions and company performance, so use caution when extrapolating future dividends for valuation purposes.
Speaking of which:
Always Remember Risk
Last but certainly not least, never underestimate the importance of risk in business valuation. Factors like industry volatility, regulatory changes, competitive pressures, and economic conditions can all impact the company's prospects and, consequently, its valuation. Incorporating risk assessments and discounting future cash flows accordingly is essential for arriving at a realistic valuation figure.
Valuation methodologies frequently yield seemingly precise value estimates that can be swiftly eroded by time. Whether it's the wide spectrum of potential inputs for Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis, the choice of comparables, or the path of a momentum investment, valuations can undergo significant fluctuations. A prudent appraiser consistently presents a range of values rather than a single point to clients, even if they may be reluctant to acknowledge the inherent complexity of valuation.
How to Level Up Your Valuation Skills
Now that you're equipped with the knowledge to demystify the art of business valuation, why not take your skills to the next level? Check out Redcliffe Training's
Valuation courses to deepen your understanding and master the finer nuances of this fascinating field.
Happy valuing!
FAQ
What is the rule of thumb for valuing a business?
A common rule of thumb is the "multiple of earnings" method, where a business's value is determined by multiplying its annual earnings (such as EBITDA) by a certain factor, typically based on industry standards or comparable sales. This factor can vary widely depending on factors like growth potential, industry trends, and risk.
What multiple do small businesses sell for?
Whilst there is no exact amount; small businesses typically sell for multiples ranging from 2 to 4 times their annual earnings (EBITDA). However, this can vary significantly based on factors like industry, growth potential, location, and market conditions.